Thanjavur, often termed the "Rice Bowl of Tamil Nadu," is a city of rich historical and cultural experience. Situated in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu, the origin and history of Thanjavur closely relates to the formations of South Indian civilization, art, and architecture.
The origin of the name "Thanjavur" traces back to the legendary demon by the name "Tanjan" in folklores local to the place. To prove his glory, Lord Vishnu said that he defeated Tanjan; when Tanjan asked him to rename the city raised and constructed on his behalf, Thanjavur came into being. According to archaeological analysis, the city belonged to one of the oldest places in the world. The reference goes as far back as the Sangam period (3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE). The city was an active center of agriculture, trade, and culture even in its nascent stage.
It gained prominence during the Chola period (9th to 13th century CE), when it had been designated as their capital and wherein it transformed into a political power center and brilliant cultural center. It was during this period that Thanjavur saw the construction of the illustrious Brihadeeswarar Temple, a world heritage site by UNESCO. The temple was built by Emperor Raja Raja Chola I in the 11th century, making it the epitome of sheer genius in terms of both artistic and engineering work done during its construction.
The Chola kings were great patrons of art, literature, and music. Tamil literature and religious devotions found a hub here: poets and scholars from Tamil Nadu witnessed royal support. The location permitted trade; the city, thus became one of South India's prime commercial centers.
After the decline of the Cholas, Thanjavur eventually became a property of the Nayak dynasty during the 16th century. The Nayaks made very strong contributions to the cultural landscape with temples, palaces, among other architectural marvels. In addition to these, they introduced several artistic traditions, including the fabulous Thanjavur style of painting, famous for its intricate gold leaf detail and the vivid imagery it accommodates. In the late 17th century, the city was conquered by the Marathas. Maratha rulers also followed the tradition of patronizing art and culture. Among these notable Maratha rulers was Serfoji II, a learning patron and founder of Saraswathi Mahal Library, one of the oldest libraries in Asia. This repository of ancient manuscripts and texts is today a treasure for historians and scholars.
The British East India Company annexed Thanjavur at the turn of the 19th century, marking the end to the era of its rule as a princely state. Though, the city continued to be of immense importance even in the British regime, being an agriculture and culture center. Modern irrigation techniques that were implemented, and cultivation of rice on large acres established Thanjavur as the "Rice Bowl of Tamil Nadu."
The Indian nation was born after which Thanjavur became the administrative headquarters. It remained the principal center for education, agriculture, and the arts. Important monuments in this area that reflect history are the Brihadeeswarar Temple, among others, that have attracted visitors and researchers from across countries. What Thanjavur would give in the form of a cultural heritage was probably unmatched. The city's contribution to Carnatic music, Bharatanatyam dance, and Tamil literature has imprinted itself across South Indian culture. Thanjavur paintings, which have truly been vibrant and lavish are still coveted at great lengths by many art lovers. Every year, the Natyanjali Festival, conducted at the Brihadeeswarar Temple, venerates classical dance and draws artists from different parts of the country.
Thanjavur is not just a city but the emblem of the rich heritage of Tamil Nadu. Ranging from its mythical origin to that of being a cradle for South Indian art and culture, Thanjavur saved all this when it acceded to modernity. Its historical importance, architectural marvels, and long-lasting cultural contributions place it as an immortal jewel of India.
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